{
  "schema": "evolutionnews.public_evidence_docket.v1",
  "id": "bacterial-flagellum-vitalism",
  "title": "Bacterial flagellum and the question of what it is to be alive",
  "source": {
    "site": "TantoMundo",
    "url": "https://tantomundo.pt/flagelo-bacteriano-estar-vivo/",
    "language": "pt-PT",
    "published": "2026-04-28",
    "modified": "2026-05-31"
  },
  "review_state": "public_summary_needs_editor_review",
  "publication_boundary": "This public artifact includes claim summaries, citation metadata, source links, and TOA mappings. It does not publish the full third-party source text, full English working translation, private source captures, local Library paths, or review caches.",
  "counts": {
    "claims": 10,
    "curated_primary_mappings": 38,
    "crossref_exact_matches": 6,
    "doi_links_checked_for_open_access": 7,
    "open_access_available": 5,
    "direct_pdf_links": 2
  },
  "claims": [
    {
      "id": "tm-flagellum-001",
      "type": "scientific_claim",
      "summary": "The bacterial flagellar motor is described mechanistically as work driven by a proton imbalance across the membrane.",
      "toa_indexcc": ["https://talkorigins.org/indexcc/CB/CB200_1.html", "https://talkorigins.org/indexcc/CB/CB200_1_1.html"],
      "toa_articles": ["https://talkorigins.org/faqs/behe.html", "https://talkorigins.org/faqs/behe/publish.html"]
    },
    {
      "id": "tm-flagellum-002",
      "type": "scientific_claim",
      "summary": "Bacterial flagella are rigid helical filaments rotated by a membrane-embedded motor rather than cilium-like contraction.",
      "toa_indexcc": ["https://talkorigins.org/indexcc/CB/CB200_1.html"],
      "toa_articles": ["https://talkorigins.org/faqs/behe.html"]
    },
    {
      "id": "tm-flagellum-003",
      "type": "scientific_claim",
      "summary": "Cryo-electron microscopy work reported a 5:2 stator architecture relevant to coupling stator rotation to the C-ring.",
      "toa_indexcc": ["https://talkorigins.org/indexcc/CB/CB200_1.html"],
      "toa_articles": ["https://talkorigins.org/faqs/behe/publish.html"]
    },
    {
      "id": "tm-flagellum-004",
      "type": "scientific_claim",
      "summary": "A cited PNAS paper is used for a quantitative claim about proton flux through stators and torque generation.",
      "toa_indexcc": ["https://talkorigins.org/indexcc/CB/CB200_1.html"],
      "toa_articles": ["https://talkorigins.org/faqs/behe.html"]
    },
    {
      "id": "tm-flagellum-005",
      "type": "scientific_claim",
      "summary": "CheY phosphorylation and C-ring binding are presented as mechanisms for rapid motor switching and tumbling.",
      "toa_indexcc": ["https://talkorigins.org/indexcc/CB/CB200_1.html"],
      "toa_articles": ["https://talkorigins.org/faqs/behe.html"]
    },
    {
      "id": "tm-flagellum-006",
      "type": "scientific_claim",
      "summary": "Chemiosmotic theory explains cellular work as powered by proton gradients rather than a special vital force.",
      "toa_indexcc": [],
      "toa_articles": ["https://talkorigins.org/faqs/abioprob/originoflife.html"]
    },
    {
      "id": "tm-flagellum-007",
      "type": "opposition_claim_reported",
      "summary": "Michael Behe used the bacterial flagellum as a central example of irreducible complexity and intelligent design.",
      "toa_indexcc": ["https://talkorigins.org/indexcc/CB/CB200_1.html", "https://talkorigins.org/indexcc/CB/CB200.html"],
      "toa_articles": ["https://talkorigins.org/faqs/behe.html", "https://talkorigins.org/faqs/comdesc/ICsilly.html"]
    },
    {
      "id": "tm-flagellum-008",
      "type": "legal_historical_claim",
      "summary": "Kitzmiller v. Dover is used for the legal-historical conclusion that intelligent design is religious creationism rather than public-school science.",
      "toa_indexcc": ["https://talkorigins.org/indexcc/CI/CI001_2.html", "https://talkorigins.org/indexcc/CI/CI001_1.html"],
      "toa_articles": ["https://talkorigins.org/faqs/dover/kitzmiller_v_dover.html", "https://talkorigins.org/faqs/dover/pf.html"]
    },
    {
      "id": "tm-flagellum-009",
      "type": "scientific_claim",
      "summary": "A 2025 mBio paper is used as evidence that MotAB stators and non-flagellar relatives illuminate flagellar evolutionary history.",
      "toa_indexcc": ["https://talkorigins.org/indexcc/CB/CB200_1.html", "https://talkorigins.org/indexcc/CB/CB200_1_1.html"],
      "toa_articles": ["https://talkorigins.org/faqs/behe.html", "https://talkorigins.org/faqs/behe/publish.html"]
    },
    {
      "id": "tm-flagellum-010",
      "type": "open_scientific_question",
      "summary": "The origin of proton gradients in first cells is framed as an open origins-of-life question with alkaline hydrothermal vents as an active research context.",
      "toa_indexcc": ["https://talkorigins.org/indexcc/CB/CB010_2.html"],
      "toa_articles": ["https://talkorigins.org/faqs/abioprob/originoflife.html"]
    }
  ],
  "verified_citations": [
    {
      "doi": "10.1073/pnas.2516278123",
      "title": "The dynamic response of the bacterial flagellar motor to its direct intracellular input signal",
      "journal": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences",
      "year": "2026",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2516278123",
      "open_access": {"status": "hybrid", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2516278123"}
    },
    {
      "doi": "10.1038/s41564-020-0788-8",
      "title": "Structures of the stator complex that drives rotation of the bacterial flagellum",
      "journal": "Nature Microbiology",
      "year": "2020",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-020-0788-8",
      "open_access": {"status": "green", "url": "http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/140825/1/WRAP-structures-stator-complex-drives-rotation-bacterial-flagellum-Stansfeld-2020.pdf", "pdf": "http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/140825/1/WRAP-structures-stator-complex-drives-rotation-bacterial-flagellum-Stansfeld-2020.pdf"}
    },
    {
      "doi": "10.1073/pnas.2515291122",
      "title": "Torque-generating units of the bacterial flagellar motor are rotary motors",
      "journal": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences",
      "year": "2025",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2515291122",
      "open_access": {"status": "hybrid", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2515291122"}
    },
    {
      "doi": "10.1038/s41564-024-01630-z",
      "title": "Structural basis of directional switching by the bacterial flagellum",
      "journal": "Nature Microbiology",
      "year": "2024",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-024-01630-z",
      "open_access": {"status": "closed"}
    },
    {
      "doi": "10.1128/mbio.03824-24",
      "title": "Evolution and structural diversity of the MotAB stator: insights into the origins of bacterial flagellar motility",
      "journal": "mBio",
      "year": "2025",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.03824-24",
      "open_access": {"status": "gold", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.03824-24"}
    },
    {
      "doi": "10.1089/ast.2015.1406",
      "title": "The Origin of Life in Alkaline Hydrothermal Vents",
      "journal": "Astrobiology",
      "year": "2016",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1089/ast.2015.1406",
      "open_access": {"status": "closed"}
    }
  ],
  "additional_oa_checked_source": {
    "doi": "10.1080/23746149.2017.1289120",
    "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23746149.2017.1289120",
    "open_access": {
      "status": "gold",
      "pdf": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/23746149.2017.1289120?needAccess=true"
    }
  }
}